Background. Careless responding (CR) occurs when individuals do not pay adequate attention to item content. Research has shown that CR introduces bias and compromises data quality (Podsakoff et al., 2012), highlighting the need for effective prevention and management strategies (e.g., Arthur et al., 2021; Edwards, 2019; Ward & Meade, 2022). Different methods have been proposed to detect CR,...
Background. Careless and insufficient effort responding (C/IER) occurs when respondents fail to give sufficient attention to item content, which leads to poor-quality data (Podsakoff et al., 2012). There are several methods to detect this phenomenon, one being Instructed Response Items (IRI), valued for its simplicity, robust metric properties, and ability to identify different C/IER patterns...
Background. To prevent response styles associated with the use of rating scales, test items may be presented in so-called ipsative (or relative to self) formats including popular ‘forced choice’, and also ‘graded preferences’ or ‘proportions-of-total’. Like any other questionnaires, ipsative questionnaires can be subject to careless responding when respondents are not sufficiently motivated to...
Background. Careless and insufficient effort responding (C/IER) on self-report measures produces responses that fail to accurately reflect the trait being measured, posing a major threat to the quality and validity of survey data. While detecting C/IER is vital to ensure validity of conclusions drawn from self-report data, it is a non-trivial endeavor, with each detection method involving...
